Which of the following did NOT result from the changes brought by railroads?

Land prices decreasing is indeed the correct choice as the option that did not result from the changes brought by railroads. The expansion of railroads typically stimulated economic growth in the regions they reached. As railroads made it easier to transport goods, people, and resources, this often led to an increase in land demand, particularly for agricultural and commercial purposes. As demand for land grew because of new opportunities, such as increased access to markets and resources, land prices would generally rise rather than fall.

In contrast, the other choices reflect outcomes that were common during the era of railroad expansion. Lumbering grew due to population increases as the railroads provided the necessary transport for lumber to reach burgeoning urban centers. The establishment of new factories for railroad materials arose from the increased demand for manufacturing components like steel and machinery, spurred by the need for construction of railroads. Additionally, the expansion of agricultural cash crops was fueled by the ability to transport these crops to distant markets more efficiently, bridging rural areas to consumers and making farming more profitable. Thus, those options correctly illustrate positive impacts resulting from the railroad developments.